GCSE Psychology 9-1

Psychology 9-1 GCSE -

7.1.6 - Understand the use of trait theory as a measure of personality, including strengths and weaknesses of trait theory:

b) Allport (1936) cardinal, central and secondary personality traits -

In 1936 allport found that one English dictionary alone contained more than 4,000 words describing different personality traits. He categorised these traits into three levels.

Cardinal Traits -

These are traits that dominate an individuals whole life, often to the point where an individual becomes known specifically for these traits. These are rare and tend to develop later in life.

Central Traits -

These are general characteristics that form the basic foundations of personality. These central traits, whilst not as dominating as cardinal traits, are the major characteristics you might use to describe another person. Terms such as 'intelligent', 'honest', 'shy' and 'anxious', are considered central traits.

Secondary Traits -

These are the traits that are sometimes related to attitudes or preferences. They often appear only in certain situations or under specific circumstances. Some examples would be getting anxious while speaking or impatient waiting in line.

Strengths -

Trait theory is good at identifying and measuring an individuals personality characteristics.
He did an examination with his brother on this theory using 55 male college students and after research the two researchers were able to conclude that the traits were measurable in most individuals.

Weaknesses -

This theory is not based on empirical research, so knowledge was not gained through direct and indirect observation or experiences.
He also published very little research to support this theory.

b) Cattell (1946) 16PF personality factor assessment -

Cattell proposed a taxonomy of 16 different personality traits that could be used to describe and explain individual differences between peoples personality. They have been included in the 16 personality factor questionnaire (16pf) that is widely used today. It is used in career counselling, vocational guidance, business and clinical diagnosis.